Antimikrobno delovanje biohemijskih supstanci na patogene šampinjona u Srbiji

Abstract

Početkom 21. veka, proizvođači šampinjona su suočeni sa pojavom bolesti koje nanose velike štete. S druge strane, mali je broj raspoloživih fungicida koji imaju odobrenje za primenu u zaštiti gajenih gljiva od bolesti. Usled razvoja rezistentnosti patogenih bakterija i gljiva na antibiotike i fungicide, neophodno je uvođenje alternativnih sredstava zaštite. Istraživanja su pokazala da različita biljna ulja i njihove komponente ispoljavaju jako antimikrobno dejstvo na patogene šampinjona. Etarska ulja origana, majčine dušice i bosiljka su pokazala najjaču i najširu aktivnost za patogene izolovane iz gajilišta šampinjona u Srbiji. Pet etarskih ulja je inhibiralo rast patogene bakterije Pseudomonas tolaasii: zimzelena, origana, limunske trave, ruzmarina i eukaliptusa. Ulja origana, geranijuma i majčine dušice su ispoljili najveću toksičnost za patogene gljive Mycogoneperniciosa, Lecanicillium fungicola i Cladobotryum spp. Ulje bosiljka je imalo inhibitorno, a nane letalno dejstvo za Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum. Ulja kleke i bora nisu ispoljila ni inhibitorno ni fungicidno dejstvo na patogene šampinjona. Iako fungitoksična aktivnost etarskih ulja nije jaka, ona mogu biti primenjena kao dodatak u zaštiti od bolesti, kako bi se umanjila količina primene hemijskih preparata.

Disease control with few or no chemicals is a major challenge for mushroom growers in the 21st century. An alarming incidence of resistance to antibiotics in bacteria, and to fungicides among mycopathogenic fungi requires effective alternatives. Previous studies have indicated that various plant oils and their components demonstrate strong antimicrobial effects against pathogens on cultivated mushrooms. The strongest and broadest activity to pathogens obtained from mushroom facilities in Serbia was shown by the oils of oregano, thyme and basil. Five oils inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas tolaasii: wintergreen, oregano, lemongrass, rosemary and eucalyptus. The essential oils of oregano, geranium and thyme were considerably toxic to the pathogenic fungi Mycogoneperniciosa, Lecanicillium fungicola and Cladobotryum spp. The strongest activity against Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum was shown by the oils of basil and mint. Oils of juniper and pine showed neither inhibitory nor lethal effects on mushroom pathogens. Although the fungitoxic activity of oils is not strong, they could be used as a supplement to commercial products for disease control, which will minimize the quantity of fungicides used.